Complete Plant Guide
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Medusa's Head
Euphorbia caput-medusae
Medusa's Head (Euphorbia caput-medusae) is a striking succulent native to the Western Cape of South Africa. It features a short, stout central stem from which numerous snake-like branches radiate outward, closely resembling the serpentine locks of the mythological Medusa. A member of the Euphorbiaceae family, it is prized as a unique ornamental plant in rock gardens, containers, and succulent collections worldwide.
Mediterranean Spurge
Euphorbia characias
Euphorbia characias, the Mediterranean spurge, is a robust evergreen sub-shrub native to rocky, sun-baked slopes across the Mediterranean basin. It forms dense clumps of upright stems lined with narrow, blue-green leaves, topped in late winter and early spring by dramatic chartreuse flower heads. Every part of the plant exudes a milky latex when cut, which is a skin and eye irritant, so it should be handled with gloves. Prized by gardeners for its drought tolerance and architectural presence, it thrives on neglect once established.
Dogwood Poinsettia
Euphorbia cornastra
Euphorbia cornastra is a shrubby member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to the seasonally dry tropical forests of Guerrero, Mexico. Discovered in 1973, it resembles its famous relative Euphorbia pulcherrima (the Christmas poinsettia) but carries gray-green foliage and blooms in summer with pure-white, dogwood-like bracts. It is widely used by breeders to create compact, brightly bracted poinsettia hybrids such as the Princettia series. Like all euphorbias, it exudes a milky latex sap that is toxic and irritating to skin and eyes.
Caribbean Copper Plant
Euphorbia cotinifolia
Euphorbia cotinifolia, commonly known as the Caribbean Copper Plant or Tropical Smokebush, is a striking ornamental shrub native to Mexico and Central/South America. Prized for its deep burgundy-red foliage, it belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and can reach up to 15 feet as a shrub or 30 feet as a tree in ideal conditions. The milky white sap is highly toxic and requires protective gloves when handling. It is widely grown in tropical and subtropical gardens for its bold visual impact.
Fire on the Mountain
Euphorbia cyathophora
Euphorbia cyathophora, commonly called fire on the mountain or dwarf poinsettia, is an herbaceous plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, a close relative of the classic Christmas poinsettia. Its upper leaves develop vivid red patches at the base that mimic colorful bracts, while the true flowers are tiny green structures called cyathia. Native to the Americas, it is a hardy, fast-growing plant well suited to sunny gardens and borders. All parts of the plant release a milky latex sap when cut, which is toxic and can irritate skin and eyes.
David's Spurge
Euphorbia davidii
David's Spurge (Euphorbia davidii) is an annual herb in the Euphorbiaceae family, native to south-central United States and Mexico, now naturalized across Europe, South America, and Australia. It grows up to 61 cm tall in full sun and well-drained soil. Like all euphorbias, it produces a milky white latex that is severely toxic and a strong irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes of humans, cats, and dogs.
Decary's Euphorbia
Euphorbia decaryi
Euphorbia decaryi is a rare, compact caudiform succulent endemic to Madagascar. It belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and develops a thickened base (caudex) that stores water, with wavy stems and textured gray-green leaves. An extremely slow grower, it is highly prized by succulent and Madagascar plant collectors worldwide.
Toothed spurge
Euphorbia dentata
Euphorbia dentata, commonly called toothed spurge or green poinsettia, is a hairy summer annual herb in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to the central and east-central United States south to northeastern Mexico. It grows in disturbed open ground such as prairies, roadsides, pastures, and waste areas, and is recognized by its toothed, lance-shaped leaves and the milky latex sap that oozes from broken stems. Sap contact can irritate skin and eyes, so gloves are recommended when handling the plant.
Octopus Plant
Euphorbia flanaganii
Euphorbia flanaganii, commonly known as Medusa's Head, is a South African succulent in the Euphorbiaceae family. It forms a low rosette of snake-like, grayish-green stems ("tentacles") radiating from a thick central trunk, resembling the serpent hair of the mythological Medusa. It is a slow-growing succulent, popular as a container ornamental, producing tiny yellow flowers (cyathia) from late winter into spring. The entire plant exudes a toxic, irritant milky latex that requires careful handling.
Scarlet Plume
Euphorbia fulgens
Scarlet Plume (Euphorbia fulgens) is a deciduous shrub native to Mexico, renowned for its gracefully arching branches adorned with small scarlet to orange flowers during winter. Belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, it produces a milky white latex sap that is irritating to skin and eyes. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant and used as a cut flower.
Thornless Crown of Thorns
Euphorbia geroldii
Euphorbia geroldii, commonly known as the Thornless Crown of Thorns or Gerold's Spurge, is a succulent shrub in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), endemic to the dry coastal forests of northeastern Madagascar. Unlike its thorny relative Euphorbia milii, E. geroldii produces smooth, unarmed woody stems clothed in glossy, dark green, lance-shaped leaves edged in red. Clusters of small, saucer-shaped bracts in vivid red with yellow centers appear almost continuously throughout the year, making this a popular, low-maintenance flowering succulent for bright indoor spaces and warm-climate gardens. In the wild it is classified as Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, so cultivated specimens play a small role in ex-situ conservation.
Grassleaf Spurge
Euphorbia graminea
Euphorbia graminea, commonly known as grassleaf spurge, is a herbaceous to subshrubby plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, native to Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America and the Caribbean. It grows 10 to 50 cm tall, occasionally reaching up to 1 meter. Thin, branching stems bear opposite leaves up to 4 cm long, and tiny flower clusters (cyathia) are surrounded by white bract-like appendages that create a cloud-like, baby's-breath effect. It is the wild species behind the popular ornamental cultivar Diamond Frost, prized for its near-continuous white blooms. Like all spurges, it produces a milky latex sap that can irritate skin and eyes and is toxic if ingested.
African Milk Bush
Euphorbia grantii
The African milk bush (Euphorbia grantii, synonym Synadenium grantii) is a succulent evergreen shrub in the Euphorbiaceae family, native to tropical East Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo). It is a fast-growing, low-maintenance plant popular as an ornamental hedge or container specimen for its fleshy, paddle-shaped leaves that range from green to reddish-purple. Every part of the plant exudes a thick, milky white latex when cut, a sap that is toxic and strongly irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes, and is toxic if ingested by people or pets.
Sausage Spurge
Euphorbia guentheri
Euphorbia guentheri, commonly known as sausage spurge, is a succulent subshrub native to southeast Kenya. It produces numerous unbranched, fleshy, cylindrical stems covered in spine-tipped tubercles, reaching up to 90 cm (3 ft) long. Small obovate leaves emerge along the stems and drop during winter dormancy. In spring, it produces tiny red cyathia surrounded by greenish-white bracts. Like all euphorbias, it exudes a toxic milky latex when cut or damaged.
Mexican Fireplant
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla, commonly known as Mexican fireplant or wild poinsettia, is a herbaceous annual or short-lived perennial in the family Euphorbiaceae. Native to tropical and subtropical Americas, it grows 30–100 cm tall with variably shaped leaves and upper bracts that turn bright red or white, giving it a striking ornamental appearance similar to the cultivated poinsettia. It produces a milky white latex sap that is a skin irritant and toxic if ingested, causing dermatitis and potentially anaphylaxis in latex-sensitive individuals. The plant flowers rapidly — within 30 days of emergence — and seeds mature in another 25–30 days, making it highly prolific. It is widely naturalized across the tropics and considered an invasive agricultural weed in parts of Asia.
Asthma-plant
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia hirta, commonly known as the Asthma-plant, is a pantropical annual herb. It is characterized by its hairy, reddish stems and opposite, elliptical leaves with serrated edges. The plant contains a milky white latex that is typical of the Euphorbia genus. It is widely known for its presence in traditional medicine, particularly for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, though it is often considered a weed in agricultural settings.
Diamond Frost Euphorbia
Euphorbia hypericifolia
Diamond Frost Euphorbia (Euphorbia hypericifolia) is a tender ornamental annual prized for its delicate white bracts that create an airy, cloud-like effect. Native to tropical Americas from Mexico to South America, it belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. The milky sap is toxic and can irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Widely used in containers, hanging baskets, and garden borders for its non-stop blooming from spring until frost.
Candelabra Tree
Euphorbia ingens
Euphorbia ingens, commonly known as the Candelabra Tree, is a striking succulent tree native to southern Africa. In its natural habitat it can grow over 12 meters tall, with upright green columnar branches arranged like a giant candelabra. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical gardens and is increasingly popular as a large indoor specimen. WARNING: the milky white sap is severely toxic to humans, cats, and dogs — always handle with thick gloves and eye protection.
Mottled Spurge
Euphorbia lactea
Euphorbia lactea is a succulent shrub native to India and Southeast Asia. Its angular candelabra-like stems display distinctive silver-white zigzag markings, making it a striking ornamental plant. It exudes a milky white latex sap that is severely toxic on contact.
Coral Cactus
Euphorbia lactea 'Cristata'
Euphorbia lactea 'Cristata', commonly called Coral Cactus, is a crested cultivar of the milk-striped euphorbia. It is typically sold grafted onto a Euphorbia neriifolia rootstock, producing a fan-like, wavy crest that resembles coral or brain coral, making it a striking sculptural houseplant.
Caper spurge
Euphorbia lathyris
Euphorbia lathyris is an erect biennial in the Euphorbiaceae, native to Asia and widely naturalised in temperate regions. It forms a rosette in its first year and a stem up to 1.5 m tall in its second, clothed in blue-green, lance-shaped leaves arranged in tidy opposite ranks with a pale midrib. Small green to yellow-green flowers without petals appear from spring into early summer, followed by rounded seed capsules that resemble capers. It is architectural and tolerates poor, dry soils, but every part, especially the milky latex, is toxic and irritant. It is reputed to repel moles, though this is unproven. It self-seeds freely and can become weedy.
Snow bush
Euphorbia leucocephala
Euphorbia leucocephala is a deciduous, fast-growing shrub or small tree from Mexico and Mesoamerica, prized for the cloud of small white bracts that cover its branches in winter, resembling snow or lace. Like other spurges, it exudes a milky latex sap that is an irritant to skin and eyes and toxic if ingested.
Madagascar Jewel
Euphorbia leuconeura
Euphorbia leuconeura, commonly known as Madagascar Jewel, is a striking semi-succulent houseplant native to Madagascar. It features an upright, angular stem with attractive white-veined leaves that give it an exotic appearance. As a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, it produces a toxic milky sap and can explosively disperse its seeds several metres away — a remarkable adaptation known as ballochory.
Madagascar Euphorbia
Euphorbia lophogona
Euphorbia lophogona is a succulent shrub native to Madagascar. It features erect, spiny stems and produces small yellowish flowers with white to pink bracts in summer. It exudes a highly toxic milky latex when cut, requiring careful handling.
Spotted spurge
Euphorbia maculata
Euphorbia maculata is a low-growing, mat-forming annual weed native to North America and now naturalized worldwide. Its small, opposite leaves are marked with a distinctive maroon-purple central spot, and the trailing reddish stems exude a milky, irritant latex when broken. Tiny greenish-white to pink cup-shaped flowers appear from summer into early fall, followed by hairy seed capsules that enable rapid self-seeding.
Corncob cactus
Euphorbia mammillaris
Corncob cactus (Euphorbia mammillaris) is a succulent in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), endemic to the Cape of South Africa, where it grows among thorny bush in the Little Karoo and the southern Cape. Despite the name, it is not a cactus. It forms clumps of erect, thick, chalky-green stems with 7 to 17 ribs of hexagonal tubercles lined up like kernels on an ear of corn. The whitish "spines", up to 1 cm, are actually old flower stalks. It reaches 20 to 60 cm and branches from the base. From late winter to early summer it bears tiny yellow, orange or pink flowers at the stem tips. Like every euphorbia, it has an irritant white latex.
Yellow Milkbush
Euphorbia mauritanica
Euphorbia mauritanica is a spineless, much-branched succulent shrub native to the Succulent Karoo of South Africa and Namibia, where it is one of the most widespread shrubby euphorbias. It grows upright, pencil-thin, yellowish-green cylindrical stems from a woody base, reaching up to 1.5 m tall. Small, bright yellow flower clusters (cyathia) appear at the branch tips from late winter into spring. All parts contain a milky latex sap that is irritant and toxic if it contacts skin or eyes, or if ingested.
Crown of Thorns
Euphorbia milii
Euphorbia milii is a striking thorny succulent shrub native to Madagascar, prized for its colorful bracts that bloom nearly year-round. Despite its fierce thorns, it is one of the easiest flowering houseplants to grow, thriving on bright light and minimal water. The showy red, pink, white, or yellow bracts surround tiny true flowers, creating a vibrant display even in the driest conditions.
Myrtle spurge
Euphorbia myrsinites
Euphorbia myrsinites is an evergreen succulent perennial in the spurge family, native to southern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran, where it grows on dry, stony slopes. Its stems sprawl along the ground for 20-40 cm and are packed with fleshy, blue-grey leaves arranged in a spiral, so each stem looks like a scaly tail. The plant stays 10-20 cm tall and spreads to about 45 cm. In spring each stem tip carries a cluster of chartreuse to bright yellow bracts around tiny flowers. Every part contains a milky sap that irritates skin and eyes. It self-seeds freely and is listed as a noxious weed in parts of the western United States.
Indian Spurge Tree
Euphorbia neriifolia
Euphorbia neriifolia, commonly known as the Indian spurge tree, is a large, cactus-like succulent shrub or small tree native to India and naturalized across Southeast Asia. Its thick, pentagonal, spiny branches store water for long periods of drought, while its milky latex, used historically in traditional medicine, is toxic and irritating on contact. It produces small clusters of yellow-green flowers with bright red bracts and is popularly grown as an ornamental hedge or living fence.
Petty Spurge
Euphorbia peplus
Euphorbia peplus, commonly known as petty spurge, is a small annual herbaceous plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, native to Europe and western Asia. It grows 10-40 cm tall with slender stems and alternate oval leaves. Small greenish-yellow flowers appear at the branch tips. The plant is well known for its toxic milky latex sap, historically used in folk medicine for skin ailments.
Juniper spurge
Euphorbia pithyusa
Euphorbia pithyusa is a small evergreen subshrub in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to the western and central Mediterranean: the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, southern France and Italy. It grows on rocky coasts, cliffs, dunes and dry scrub near the sea, and in the Balearics it forms low mats along cliff edges. The plant makes a dome 40-50 cm tall of upright stems clothed in whorls of narrow, pointed blue-grey leaves, which give it the look of a miniature fir or juniper. From late spring to midsummer the stem tips carry clusters of small, petal-less yellow-green flowers that last for weeks. Like every spurge, it has an irritant white latex. In gardens it suits dry borders, gravel and rock gardens, alongside grasses and other Mediterranean plants.
Snowflake Euphorbia
Euphorbia polygona
Euphorbia polygona is a slow-growing columnar succulent from South Africa with ribbed, blue-green to grey stems edged in tidy rows of dark spines; the popular 'Snowflake' form is dusted powdery white. Small purple flowers line the ridges in summer. It makes an architectural, sculptural feature plant for bright spots.
Prostrate sandmat
Euphorbia prostrata
Euphorbia prostrata is an annual herb in the spurge family, native to the Americas from the central and southern United States through the Caribbean to most of South America. It is now naturalized almost worldwide as a weed of lawns, pavement cracks, roadsides and dry, disturbed ground. It forms flat mats: the thin, often purple-tinged stems reach 20 cm long, and the plant stays under 10 cm tall. The small oval leaves, up to 1 cm, are finely toothed and often hairy. From summer into autumn it bears tiny cyathia under 2 mm with white to pinkish appendages, followed by hairy fruits 1-2 mm wide. Broken stems leak a white latex that irritates skin and eyes. It dies at the first frost.
Poinsettia
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Euphorbia pulcherrima, commonly known as the poinsettia, is a tropical shrub native to Mexico and Central America. Celebrated for its vibrant colored bracts that appear in winter, it is the quintessential Christmas plant worldwide. It can grow up to 2 meters tall when planted outdoors in warm climates.
Dwarf Medusa's Head
Euphorbia ramiglans
Euphorbia ramiglans is a dwarf medusoid succulent native to the arid, winter-rainfall coastal regions of South Africa (Western and Northern Cape). It forms a central "head" from which dozens of thin, spineless, sinuous branches radiate outward, resembling the snake hair of the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology. It is closely related to Euphorbia caput-medusae and is treated by some authorities as its dwarf variety (var. confluens). Like all Euphorbias, it exudes a toxic milky latex when a branch is cut or damaged.
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