Complete Plant Guide
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Scaredy Cat Plant
Coleus caninus
Coleus caninus (syn. Plectranthus caninus) is an aromatic tender perennial in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to southern and eastern Africa. Its grey-green, scallop-edged leaves release a strong, skunk-like odor when brushed or bruised, a trait that has earned it the nicknames "scaredy cat plant" and "piss-off plant" for its reputed (though scientifically unproven) ability to deter cats, dogs and other animals from garden beds. Small spikes of pale blue-violet flowers appear from summer into fall.
Prostrate Coleus
Coleus forsteri
Prostrate Coleus (Coleus forsteri, syn. Plectranthus forsteri) is a tender evergreen perennial in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to the Southwest Pacific islands, including Fiji and New Caledonia. It has a low, spreading habit with rounded, scalloped, lightly succulent leaves that release a mild citrus scent when bruised. It is popular as a houseplant, groundcover, or trailing plant in hanging baskets thanks to its vigorous growth and easy care.
Hairy Coleus
Coleus hadiensis
Coleus hadiensis, formerly known as Plectranthus hadiensis, is a fast-growing, semi-succulent shrub native to South Africa's Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, extending through eastern tropical Africa to the southern Arabian Peninsula. It forms an erect to decumbent shrub up to 1.5 m tall and 1 m wide, with soft, felted, aromatic leaves and terminal clusters of mauve to purple (occasionally white) tubular flowers that bloom from autumn into winter.
Madagascar Coleus
Coleus madagascariensis
Coleus madagascariensis, commonly known as Madagascar Coleus or Thicket Coleus, is a fast-growing aromatic perennial herb in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern and southeastern Africa. Its fleshy, variegated leaves release a refreshing mentholated fragrance when touched, earning it the nickname "Vicks Plant." This versatile species thrives both indoors and outdoors, valued for its ornamental foliage, pleasant scent, and traditional medicinal applications. In autumn it produces slender spikes of small white to mauve flowers that attract bees, butterflies, and birds.
Blue Coleus
Coleus neochilus
Coleus neochilus, commonly known as Blue Coleus or Lobster Bush, is a fast-growing aromatic perennial herb in the Lamiaceae family, native to southern Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique). It forms dense, spreading mounds of succulent, grey-green scalloped leaves that emit a pungent, camphor-like scent naturally repelling flies and mosquitoes. Upright spikes of small purple-blue flowers bloom twice yearly, in late summer and winter. In Brazil it is widely grown as a medicinal herb under the folk name "boldo-rasteiro" and valued for digestive complaints.
Candle Plant
Coleus paniculatus
Coleus paniculatus (Candle Plant) is an accepted species in the family Lamiaceae, native to the wet tropical biomes of southern India to southern Indo-China, including India, Thailand, and Vietnam. It was historically treated as a synonym of Plectranthus coleoides and related Plectranthus species, but Coleus paniculatus Benth. is now confirmed as the accepted name by Kew Plants of the World Online (POWO). This fast-growing evergreen shrub is prized for its highly ornamental, richly coloured foliage and is used both as an indoor houseplant and as a tropical garden specimen. It can reach up to 90 cm (3 ft) in height under optimal conditions.
Coleus
Coleus scutellarioides
Coleus, popularly known as Painted Nettle, is a tropical herbaceous plant famous for its incredibly colorful and patterned foliage. Its velvety leaves feature vibrant combinations of red, pink, yellow, green, and purple. It is one of the most versatile ornamental plants, growing rapidly in both garden beds and indoor pots.
Cooke's Toughshank
Collybia cookei
Collybia cookei, also known as the yellow sclerotium collybia, is a small fungal species recognizable by its characteristic yellowish sclerotium (a persistent resting body). Its cap is whitish or cream-colored, and its gills are crowded. It often appears on the remains of other fungi or heavily decayed wood in humus-rich forest soils.
Taro
Colocasia
Colocasia is a genus of large-leaved tropical perennials native to Southeast Asia, grown worldwide both as a dramatic foliage plant and, in the case of Colocasia esculenta (taro), as one of the world's oldest cultivated food crops. Its broad, heart- or arrow-shaped leaves rise on long petioles from an underground corm, giving it the common name "elephant ear". All parts of the raw plant contain needle-like calcium oxalate crystals that irritate skin and mouth, so the corms and leaves are always cooked thoroughly before eating.
Taro
Colocasia esculenta
Colocasia esculenta, commonly known as Taro or Elephant Ear, is a tropical perennial plant prized for its dramatic heart-shaped leaves that can reach up to 60cm in length. Native to Southeast Asia, it is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world, grown both as an ornamental foliage plant and as a food crop for its edible corms. The plant produces large, velvety green leaves on long succulent stems, creating a lush tropical appearance.
Goldfish plant
Columnea microcalyx
Columnea microcalyx is a tropical epiphytic plant native to Central America, belonging to the Gesneriaceae family. It features trailing stems that can reach up to 90 cm in length, adorned with small, glossy dark green leaves. Its tubular orange to bright red flowers resemble tiny goldfish, giving the plant its common name. It is an ideal houseplant for hanging baskets where it can display its elegant pendulous habit.
Golden Everlasting
Comanthera elegans
Comanthera elegans, popularly known as the golden everlasting or congonha, is a rupicolous herb endemic to the rocky fields (campos rupestres) of the EspinhaΓ§o Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It forms clumps of narrow basal leaves from which erect, unbranched stems emerge, topped with small flower heads of golden to cream bracts that maintain their color and shape for a long time after dryingβhence the name "everlasting." It is one of the most commercially exploited Eriocaulaceae species in Brazil, with inflorescences harvested for handicrafts and floral arrangements since the 20th century. Today, it is listed as Endangered (EN) due to predatory harvesting, poorly managed fires, and climate change, which reduce the rocky field areas suitable for the species.
Asiatic Dayflower
Commelina communis
Commelina communis is a fast-growing summer annual herb native to East Asia, now naturalized across eastern North America. It produces sprawling, hairless stems with lance-to-egg-shaped leaves and distinctive two-petaled blue flowers that open for a single morning before fading. The young shoots and leaves are edible with a mild, mucilaginous texture, and the plant has a long history of use in traditional Asian medicine.
Whitemouth Dayflower
Commelina erecta
Commelina erecta, commonly known as Whitemouth Dayflower or Erect Dayflower, is a perennial herb native to the Americas. It produces vivid sky-blue flowers with a small white lower petal, each lasting only a single day. A resilient and adaptable plant, it thrives in sunny to partially shaded gardens and is valued for both its ornamental beauty and traditional medicinal uses across South America.
Myrrh
Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha is a large shrub or small thorny deciduous tree native to the arid regions of Northeast Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia). It features twisted, zigzagging gray branches often ending in sharp spines, light papery bark that peels in strips, and small, aromatic trifoliate leaves. It is famous for exuding an aromatic, brownish-yellow oleoresinβmyrrhβwhen wounded, which has been used for millennia in incense, perfumes, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. It tolerates poor, stony soils, extreme heat, and long periods of drought.
Poison hemlock
Conium maculatum
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is a biennial herb in the Apiaceae family, native to Europe, North Africa, and temperate Asia, now naturalized as an invasive weed throughout much of the world. It is recognized by its hollow, ridged stems with purple spotting, its highly divided feathery leaves similar to parsley, and its small white flowers clustered in umbels. It is one of the most poisonous plants in temperate flora: all parts contain piperidine alkaloids (primarily coniine), responsible for fatal poisonings in humans and animals. It grows spontaneously in ditches, riverbanks, abandoned fields, and other moist, disturbed soils.
Great Scented Liverwort
Conocephalum
Conocephalum is a genus of thallose liverworts (bryophytes) in the family Conocephalaceae, best known for the distinctive hexagonal patterning on their thallus surface resembling snake scales β earning them the nickname "snakeskin liverwort." These non-vascular plants thrive in shaded, moist habitats such as stream banks, wet rocks, and forest floors. They are widely used in terrariums, vivariums, and paludariums as a lush, low-growing green carpet.
milky conecap
Conocybe apala
Conocybe apala, commonly known as the milky conecap, is a saprobic mushroom that frequently appears in lawns, pastures, and compost heaps. It is characterized by its fragile, pale cream to white conical cap and thin, brittle stem. These mushrooms are ephemeral, often appearing in the early morning after rain or heavy dew and collapsing by midday when exposed to the sun.
Burger's Onion
Conophytum burgeri
Conophytum burgeri is a dwarf and highly compact succulent, endemic to a very restricted area of Bushmanland in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, between Springbok and Pofadder. It consists of a single fleshy, onion-shaped body with a small fissure at the top from which the flower and new pair of leaves emerge. Its epidermis is smooth, shiny, and translucent, with coloration ranging from light green to purple, often taking on reddish-purple tones under intense sun. Over time, it may slowly divide to form small clusters of up to about five bodies. In nature, it grows in rocky and clayey soil among quartz pebbles, relying on winter mists and dew to survive the arid climate. It blooms in early autumn (April-May in the Southern Hemisphere), with sweet-scented purple flowers that open for a few hours in the late afternoon.
False Rosemary
Conradina
Conradina is a small genus of about seven aromatic, evergreen shrubs in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to the sandy scrublands and coastal dunes of the southeastern United States, especially Florida. Commonly called false rosemary for its needle-like, gray-green leaves and rosemary-like scent, the plants form dense, rounded mounds 60-90 cm tall covered in small two-lipped purple, lavender, or white flowers from spring through fall. Highly drought-tolerant and adapted to poor, well-drained sandy soils, Conradina species are popular in xeriscaping, pollinator gardens, and coastal restoration plantings. Several species, including C. brevifolia, C. etonia, and C. glabra, are rare and federally protected.
Road Kill Cactus
Consolea rubescens
Consolea rubescens is a tall, tree-like cactus from the Cactaceae family, native to the Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles). It forms a woody trunk from which flattened, oval segments (pads) grow, taking on a reddish-purple hue in strong sunlight. In nature, it can reach up to 6 meters in height. In spring and summer, yellow-orange-red flowers appear, followed by edible, tart fruits.
Lily of the Valley
Convallaria majalis
Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) is a delicate, shade-loving perennial native to the cool temperate woodlands of Europe and Asia. It produces elegant, arching stems adorned with pairs of lance-shaped leaves and dainty, bell-shaped white flowers with an intensely sweet fragrance. Despite its delicate appearance, it is a vigorous spreader that forms dense ground-covering colonies. All parts of the plant are highly toxic due to cardiac glycosides, making it dangerous to children and pets.
Field Bindweed
Convolvulus arvensis
Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is a fast-growing, rhizomatous perennial vine in the morning glory family. Native to Europe and Asia, it has become a widespread and highly invasive weed across temperate regions worldwide. Its funnel-shaped white or pale pink flowers open in summer, while its deep, extensive root system makes it notoriously difficult to eradicate once established.
Dwarf Morning Glory
Convolvulus tricolor
Convolvulus tricolor, commonly known as Dwarf Morning Glory, is a compact annual plant native to the Mediterranean region. It produces stunning trumpet-shaped flowers with a characteristic tricolor pattern β deep blue or purple petals surrounding a white ring and bright yellow center. Each flower lasts only one day, but the plant blooms prolifically throughout summer, creating a continuous display of color in borders, containers, and ground cover plantings.
Argentine fleabane
Conyza bonariensis
Conyza bonariensis is an annual (occasionally biennial) herbaceous plant native to South America, belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is characterized by erect growth branching from the base, a height of 20-100 cm, and grey-green foliage covered in stiff bristles. The flowers are small, in capitula, with yellow disc florets and creamy bracts. It is one of the most problematic invasive plants in cultivated areas, notably resistant to glyphosate, primarily affecting soybean and corn crops.
Cookeina tricholoma
Cookeina tricholoma
Cookeina tricholoma is a tropical ascomycete fungus known for its vibrant cup shape and distinct marginal hairs. Found on decaying wood in humid forests, it displays colors ranging from pink to reddish-orange. It is not a plant, but a saprophytic fungus essential for the decomposition of organic matter.
Carnauba Palm
Copernicia prunifera
Copernicia prunifera, the carnauba palm, is a fan palm endemic to the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil (Ceara, Piaui, Maranhao, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia), where it grows along rivers and in seasonally flooded ground that receives only about 800mm of poorly distributed rainfall a year. Mature specimens reach up to 20m tall on a slim, ringed trunk topped by a dense crown of stiff, blue-green fan leaves, and can live for two centuries. It is nicknamed "arvore da vida" (tree of life) in Brazil because almost every part is used, most famously the fine wax coating its fronds, harvested and refined into carnauba wax -- the hardest natural wax in commercial use, prized for polishes, cosmetics and coatings.
Flocculose inkcap
Coprinellus flocculosus
Coprinellus flocculosus is a short-lived, saprotrophic fungal species recognizable by its distinctive cap covered in flaky, whitish veil remnants. Initially ovoid, it becomes bell-shaped before eventually liquefying into a black ink (autolysis), which gives the 'inkcap' family its name. It often appears in clusters on decaying wood, wood chips, or nitrogen-rich soil.
Mirror Plant
Coprosma repens
Coprosma repens, commonly known as the Mirror Plant, is a glossy-leaved evergreen shrub native to New Zealand. Its highly reflective, lacquered leaves give it the distinctive mirror-like appearance that inspired its name. It is an exceptionally tough coastal plant, tolerating salt spray, wind, and drought once established, making it a popular choice for hedging and screening in exposed gardens.
Threeleaf Goldthread
Coptis trifolia
Coptis trifolia, commonly known as Threeleaf Goldthread or Canker Root, is a small evergreen perennial native to boreal forests of North America and East Asia. It forms low-growing mats of glossy trifoliate leaves, with delicate white flowers in spring and summer. Its most distinctive feature is its bright golden-yellow underground rhizomes, from which it derives its common name. The plant contains berberine alkaloids and was historically used by indigenous peoples for treating mouth ulcers and as a bitter tonic.
Jute Mallow
Corchorus olitorius
Corchorus olitorius is a fast-growing, erect annual herb in the mallow family (Malvaceae), prized across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia as a leafy vegetable. Left to mature it can reach 1.5-3.5 m, with slender green stems, serrated glossy leaves, and small solitary yellow flowers followed by slender ridged seed pods. Young shoots and leaves are harvested repeatedly for cooking -- most famously in Egyptian molokhia soup -- and the stem fibers can also be spun into jute-like textiles.
Spanish Elm
Cordia alliodora
The Spanish Elm (Cordia alliodora) is a tree in the Boraginaceae family, native to the tropical forests of the Americas, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. It can reach up to 30 meters in height, featuring a cylindrical, fluted trunk and branches with hollow nodes that often serve as nesting sites for ants and stingless bees. Its name 'alliodora' refers to the characteristic garlic-like scent emitted by its wood. It is a fast-growing deciduous tree, highly valued as a timber species, for shade in coffee and cocoa agroforestry systems, and as an ornamental for its abundant, fragrant white flowers that primarily bloom during the dry season.
Ti Plant
Cordyline
Cordyline is a genus of tropical and subtropical plants prized for their striking foliage in shades of green, red, purple, and pink. Widely grown as both a houseplant and a garden specimen, they are primarily cultivated for their bold ornamental appearance.
Cabbage Tree
Cordyline australis
Cordyline australis, commonly known as the Cabbage Tree or TΔ« kΕuka, is an iconic palm-like tree native to New Zealand. Despite its tropical appearance, it is a remarkably hardy outdoor specimen that can tolerate temperatures as low as -7Β°C. It produces long, sword-shaped leaves that form a dramatic architectural crown, and mature trees develop a thick, fibrous trunk. In summer, established plants produce spectacular frothy spikes of tiny, fragrant white flowers. A beloved symbol of New Zealand landscapes, it is widely used as a bold architectural plant in gardens and streetscapes worldwide.
Ti Plant
Cordyline fruticosa
Cordyline fruticosa, commonly known as the Ti Plant or Hawaiian Good Luck Plant, is a striking tropical shrub native to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Famous for its bold, lance-shaped leaves that come in a stunning array of colors β deep red, pink, purple, and variegated combinations β this plant is as ornamental as it is culturally significant. In Hawaiian and Polynesian traditions, the Ti Plant is considered sacred and is believed to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits.
Ti Plant
Cordyline terminalis
Cordyline terminalis, commonly known as the Ti Plant or Hawaiian Ti, is a striking tropical ornamental in the family Asparagaceae, native to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is celebrated for its bold, sword-shaped leaves that come in a stunning range of colors β from deep greens to rich burgundy, red, and pink. Revered as sacred in Hawaiian and Polynesian cultures, it symbolizes good luck and spiritual protection. Note: it is toxic to cats, dogs, and humans if ingested (contains saponins).
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