Complete Plant Guide
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Cabbage Tree
Cussonia spicata
Cussonia spicata, known as the cabbage tree, is a fast-growing evergreen tree native to the wetter regions of Southern and Eastern Africa, where it occurs from dry forests to savannas at altitudes of 200 to 2,550 m. It is characterized by a thick, succulent trunk and large palmate leaves arranged in dense spherical clusters at the ends of the branches. At maturity, it grows up to 15 m tall and produces striking spike-like inflorescences of yellow-green color in summer, from which it received its specific name. Unlike many houseplants, it is not considered toxic to humans or pets.
Pussy Ears
Cyanotis somaliensis
Cyanotis somaliensis, known as Pussy Ears or Kitten Ears, is a creeping perennial succulent in the Commelinaceae family, native to northern Somalia in East Africa. Its small, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves (about 4 cm) are covered in a dense, soft white fuzz that gives it a unique velvety texture, resembling a kitten's ears. It is a slow-growing and compact plant, reaching about 12 cm in height, with trailing stems that can extend up to 60 cm, making it ideal for hanging baskets. In summer, it produces small three-petaled purple or blue flowers with showy yellow stamens that create a charming contrast. The species has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Little Ironweed
Cyanthillium cinereum
Cyanthillium cinereum (synonym: Vernonia cinerea), commonly known as little ironweed, is an annual or short-lived perennial herb in the Asteraceae family that can grow up to 120 cm tall. Native to tropical Africa and Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Indonesia), it has become a pantropical weed naturalized in Australia, Central and South America, and Florida. Its tiny, flat-topped inflorescences contain pinkish-purple flower heads without ray florets. It frequently appears along roadsides, open spaces, and abandoned fields, while it has played an important role in Ayurvedic and folk medicine for centuries.
Fluted bird's nest
Cyathus striatus
Cyathus striatus, commonly known as the fluted bird's nest, is a saprobic fungus characterized by its splash-cup shape. The inner surface of the cup is distinctly fluted or grooved, and it contains small, egg-like structures called peridioles which house the spores. These fungi are typically found growing in clusters on decomposing wood, mulch, or woody debris in shaded, moist environments.
Queen Sago
Cycas circinalis
Cycas circinalis, commonly known as the Queen Sago or Indian Cycad, is one of the oldest living plant genera on Earth, dating back over 280 million years. Native to tropical Asia, this majestic cycad features a stout trunk topped with a crown of long, arching, deep-green feathery fronds. It is a slow-growing, long-lived plant prized for its prehistoric appearance and landscape value in tropical and subtropical gardens.
Sago Palm
Cycas revoluta
Cycas revoluta, commonly known as the Sago Palm, is not actually a palm but one of the oldest living seed plants on Earth — a true living fossil. Native to southern Japan, this slow-growing cycad features a stout trunk crowned with a rosette of stiff, dark green, glossy pinnate leaves. Despite its prehistoric origins, it thrives as a popular ornamental plant both indoors and in warm-climate gardens.
Queen Sago
Cycas rumphii
Cycas rumphii, known as queen sago, is a slow-growing cycad native to the coastal forests of Indonesia, New Guinea and nearby Indian Ocean islands. Despite its palm-like rosette of glossy, arching fronds, it is not a true palm but an ancient gymnosperm related to conifers, predating flowering plants by millions of years. It forms a thick, columnar trunk topped with a crown of pinnate leaves and is prized as a striking, long-lived ornamental for gardens and large containers in tropical and subtropical climates.
Cyclamen
Cyclamen
Cyclamen is a genus of about 20 tuberous perennial species in the family Primulaceae, native to the Mediterranean basin and parts of Europe, North Africa and Iran. The most widely cultivated species as a houseplant is Cyclamen persicum, the florist's cyclamen, prized for its upswept, butterfly-like flowers in white, pink, red and magenta held above heart-shaped, often silver-marbled leaves. Cyclamen grow from a flattened tuber and follow a distinct seasonal cycle: active growth and flowering in cool months (fall through spring), followed by a summer dormancy when the foliage yellows and dies back.
Eastern Cyclamen
Cyclamen coum
Cyclamen coum, the eastern sowbread, is a tuberous winter- and spring-flowering perennial native to the region around the Black Sea, from Bulgaria through northern Turkey to the Caucasus, with an isolated population reaching Lebanon and northern Israel. It forms a low, flattened tuber that rests dormant through summer heat, then pushes up rounded, heart-shaped leaves - often marbled silver - alongside shell-shaped flowers in white, pink, or deep magenta from late winter into spring. One of the hardiest cyclamen species, it naturalises readily under deciduous trees and shrubs, self-seeding into drifts over the years.
Ivy-leaved Cyclamen
Cyclamen hederifolium
Cyclamen hederifolium, commonly known as ivy-leaved cyclamen or hardy cyclamen, is a tuberous perennial native to the Mediterranean regions of southern Europe and southwestern Turkey, including Italy, France, Greece, and the Balkans. A member of the Primulaceae family, it is one of the hardiest and easiest-to-naturalize cyclamen species for temperate gardens. Its specific epithet, hederifolium, refers to the ivy-like (Hedera) shape of its leaves, which display striking silver marbling. Pink to magenta or white butterfly-shaped flowers with reflexed petals appear in late summer and autumn, typically emerging before or alongside the new foliage. After flowering, the plant produces ornamental leaves through autumn and winter before going dormant in summer, when the tuber rests beneath the soil. It is widely grown as ground cover beneath deciduous trees and shrubs, where it naturalizes into extensive carpets over the years.
Persian Cyclamen
Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen persicum is a charming tuberous perennial native to the Mediterranean region, prized for its elegant upswept flowers and heart-shaped marbled leaves. It blooms prolifically during winter when most houseplants are dormant, providing vibrant color indoors. The flowers come in shades of white, pink, red, and purple, often with a sweet fragrance.
European Cyclamen
Cyclamen purpurascens
European Cyclamen (Cyclamen purpurascens) is a tuberous perennial in the family Primulaceae, native to the mountain forests of Central Europe. It is distinguished by its evergreen, heart-shaped leaves with elegant silver patterns and its sweetly fragrant flowers in shades of pink to deep purple, blooming from summer through autumn. It is one of the hardiest cyclamen species, tolerating temperatures well below freezing.
Caigua
Cyclanthera pedata
Caigua (Cyclanthera pedata) is a fast-growing annual climbing vine from the Cucurbitaceae family, native to the Andean regions of Peru. Its thin, tendril-bearing stems grow to a length of approximately 4.5 m, with palmately divided leaves measuring 10–12 cm in diameter. Small white-greenish flowers grow in the leaf axils. The light green, slightly curved fruits grow up to 20 cm and have a smooth or finely spiked skin; young fruits are eaten raw, while more mature ones are stuffed.
Split-leaf Cyclanthus
Cyclanthus bipartitus
Cyclanthus bipartitus, known within its family as the "Panama hat plant" (Cyclanthaceae), is a stemless perennial herb native to humid tropical rainforests ranging from southern Mexico and Central America to Venezuela, the Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Brazil. It typically grows along stream banks and in swampy understory areas, forming dense clumps. Its long leaves (50 to 100 cm or more) are deeply divided in half from the base, resembling a split fan or a fishtail—therefore, despite its palm-like appearance, it is not a true palm. It produces a spadix inflorescence with flowers arranged in discs, orange in color, with a fragrance reminiscent of a blend of cinnamon and vanilla; among Amazonian indigenous peoples, these flowers are used in body adornments.
Dark Fieldcap
Cyclocybe erebia
Cyclocybe erebia, formerly known as Agrocybe erebia, is a saprophytic fungus that plays a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter. It is characterized by a dark brown cap, often slimy when wet, which becomes wrinkled and pale as it dries. It features a persistent membranous ring on the stem and gills that change from grayish to chocolate brown as the spores mature. It is commonly found in rich soils of deciduous forests or gardens with heavy mulch.
Quince
Cydonia oblonga
Cydonia oblonga, commonly known as quince, is a deciduous small tree or large shrub in the family Rosaceae. Native to southwest Asia and the Caucasus region, it produces fragrant pinkish-white flowers in spring and large, golden-yellow, pear-shaped aromatic fruits in autumn. One of the oldest cultivated fruits, quince has been grown for thousands of years for its culinary and medicinal properties.
Cane Cholla
Cylindropuntia imbricata
Cane cholla (Cylindropuntia imbricata) is a large, shrubby to tree-like cactus native to the arid grasslands and high deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Its cylindrical, spiny stems are covered in overlapping tubercles, giving the plant a braided, chain-like appearance. In late spring and summer it produces striking magenta to purple flowers, followed by long-lasting yellow fruits that persist into winter. Remarkably cold-hardy for a cactus, it tolerates temperatures well below freezing and thrives in poor, rocky, well-drained soil with minimal care.
Cymbidium orchid
Cymbidium
The Cymbidium genus comprises orchids highly valued for their lush flowers and flower spikes that can last up to ten weeks. Unlike many tropical orchids, Cymbidiums prefer cooler climates and are known as cool-climate orchids. They feature oval pseudobulbs and long, strap-shaped leaves that remain green year-round.
Indian Boat Orchid
Cymbidium aloifolium
Cymbidium aloifolium, commonly known as the Indian Boat Orchid or Aloe-leafed Cymbidium, is an epiphytic orchid native to tropical and subtropical forests of Asia, including India, China, and Southeast Asia. It features stiff, strap-like leaves resembling aloe foliage and produces graceful arching flower spikes with cream, pale yellow, and maroon-striped blooms.
Devon's Cymbidium
Cymbidium devonianum
Devon's Cymbidium (Cymbidium devonianum) is an epiphytic orchid native to the Himalayan foothills of Nepal, northeast India, Bhutan, and Myanmar. It is prized for its striking pendant flower spikes bearing 15–35 blooms in yellow-green with purple-red markings, making it one of the most distinctive species in the Cymbidium genus.
Boat Orchid
Cymbidium hybridum
Cymbidium hybridum refers to the vast group of cultivated Cymbidium hybrids (Orchidaceae) bred over more than a century from wild Asian and Australian species. These evergreen, terrestrial-to-epiphytic orchids form clumps of pseudobulbs topped with long, strap-shaped leaves, and in late winter to spring they send up sturdy arching spikes carrying a dozen or more long-lasting, waxy flowers. Modern hybrids range from miniature to large-flowered types, in shades of white, green, yellow, pink, red, cream and near-brown, often with a contrasting spotted lip. Prized as houseplants, patio specimens in mild climates, and cut flowers, boat orchids reward growers with cool nights and bright light with months of bloom.
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a tropical aromatic grass native to tropical Asia, widely cultivated for its intense citrus fragrance and its extensive culinary and medicinal applications. It forms dense clumps with long, slender leaves that can reach up to 1.8 m in height.
Citronella Grass
Cymbopogon nardus
Cymbopogon nardus, commonly known as citronella grass, is a perennial clumping grass with long, narrow, aromatic leaves and a strong citrus scent. Native to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, it is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its essential oil, prized as a natural insect repellent.
Java Citronella
Cymbopogon winterianus
Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) is a tropical perennial grass native to Southeast Asia, particularly the island of Java, Indonesia. It is widely cultivated for its essential oil, rich in citronellal and geraniol, which is used in insect repellents, cosmetics, perfumery, and aromatherapy. The plant forms dense, aromatic clumps of long leaves and can reach up to 2.5 meters in height under favorable conditions.
Honeyvine Milkweed
Cynanchum laeve
Cynanchum laeve (honeyvine milkweed) is a vigorous, twining perennial vine in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), native to central and eastern North America. It bears opposite, heart-shaped leaves and a deep fleshy taproot, climbing 3–6 m or more on any available support. From June to September it produces dense clusters of small, fragrant, creamy-white star-shaped flowers that attract bees and butterflies, followed by smooth teardrop-shaped seed pods. A larval host for monarch butterflies, it is valued in wildlife gardens yet considered an aggressive weed in agricultural settings due to its deep roots and prolific wind-borne seed.
Bermuda grass
Cynodon dactylon
Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, couch grass, or devil's grass, is a perennial grass species widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for its ability to form a dense and resilient carpet, frequently used in lawns, sports fields, and as forage. It possesses both underground rhizomes and surface stolons, which provide great vigor and recovery capacity.
Blue Houndstongue
Cynoglossum creticum
Blue Houndstongue (Cynoglossum creticum) is a biennial or perennial herb in the family Boraginaceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin including the island of Crete. It produces distinctive pale blue to violet flowers with darker blue veins, blooming from spring through early summer. Well adapted to dry, rocky soils and full sun, it is popular in wildflower and Mediterranean-style gardens. WARNING: contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids — severely toxic to humans, cats, and dogs.
Umbrella Sedge
Cyperus
Cyperus is a large genus of approximately 700 species in the family Cyperaceae, distributed across tropical and temperate regions on all continents. Well-known cultivated species such as Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella sedge) are prized for their striking architectural form — upright stems topped with radiating leaf bracts resembling an umbrella or parasol. Naturally found in wetlands, along riverbanks and pond margins, these semi-aquatic plants thrive in consistently moist to waterlogged conditions. They are popular as ornamental houseplants, pond plants, and water garden specimens.
Umbrella Papyrus
Cyperus alternifolius
Cyperus alternifolius, known as Umbrella Papyrus, is a semi-aquatic perennial sedge native to Madagascar. Its distinctive radiating bracts at the top of tall stems resemble an open umbrella, making it a striking architectural plant for water gardens, pond edges, and indoor containers. It belongs to the Cyperaceae family and thrives in consistently wet or waterlogged conditions.
Tall Flatsedge
Cyperus eragrostis
Cyperus eragrostis, commonly known as Tall Flatsedge or Pale Galingale, is a tufted perennial sedge native to subtropical and tropical South America, now naturalized worldwide. It thrives in wet environments such as wetlands, ditches, riverbanks, and pond margins, growing 25–90 cm tall. Its umbrella-like flower heads with yellow-green-brown spikelets make it an attractive ornamental for water gardens and rain gardens.
Tiger Nut
Cyperus esculentus
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) is a low-growing perennial sedge in the papyrus family, grown worldwide for its small, sweet, nutty-flavored underground tubers - the base of Spain's popular horchata de chufa drink. The same plant is also known as yellow nutsedge, one of the world's most persistent agricultural weeds: left unmanaged, its rhizomes and tubers spread rapidly and can be extremely difficult to eradicate from lawns and cropland. Grow it deliberately in a contained bed or large pot for its edible harvest, never in open ground near vegetable beds you want to keep nutsedge-free.
Dwarf Papyrus
Cyperus haspan
Dwarf Papyrus (Cyperus haspan) is a compact semi-aquatic sedge native to pantropical regions across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It thrives in ponds, water gardens, aquariums, and bog areas, producing slender upright stems crowned with delicate umbrella-like flowerheads. Its graceful appearance and fast growth make it a popular choice for water features.
Umbrella Plant
Cyperus involucratus
Cyperus involucratus, commonly known as the Umbrella Plant, is a graceful semi-aquatic sedge native to Madagascar. Its distinctive radiating bracts form an elegant umbrella-like crown atop tall, slender stems, making it a striking architectural plant for both indoor and outdoor settings. Thriving in wet conditions, it is one of the few houseplants that actually benefits from standing water, making it nearly impossible to overwater.
Egyptian Papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus, commonly known as Egyptian Papyrus or Paper Reed, is a majestic semi-aquatic plant native to the banks of the Nile River in northeastern Africa. Its tall, triangular stems can reach up to 16 feet (5 meters) in height, topped with feathery, umbrella-like clusters of thread-fine rays. One of the most historically significant plants in human civilization, it was the source of the world's first paper. Today it thrives in water gardens, ponds, and large containers.
Purple Nutsedge
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotundus, purple nutsedge, is a fast-spreading perennial sedge with glossy, grass-like leaves and triangular stems topped by reddish-brown flower spikes. It grows from chains of small underground tubers, which make it one of the world's most persistent weeds but also the source of the aromatic tuber known as nagarmotha or musta in traditional medicine.
Scarborough lily
Cyrtanthus elatus
Cyrtanthus elatus, popularly known as the Scarborough lily, is a perennial bulb in the Amaryllidaceae family, native to the mountainous coastal slopes of the Cape in southern South Africa (between Mossel Bay and Humansdorp). It produces upright flower stalks up to 65 cm tall with up to nine trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of scarlet red, pink, or, rarely, white, which bloom from late spring to autumn. Cultivated as an ornamental container plant for nearly 250 years, it earned its common name after naturalizing on the coastal cliffs of Scarborough, England, in the 19th century.
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