Complete Plant Guide
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Cholla
Cylindropuntia
Cylindropuntia, the chollas, is a genus of about 35 cacti from the deserts of the southwestern United States, Mexico and the West Indies. Unlike their cousins the prickly pears, chollas have cylindrical, jointed stems, and their barbed spines are wrapped in a papery sheath. Joints of some species break off at the lightest touch and hitch a ride on passing animals, which is how they spread. In habitat the shrubby or tree-like forms reach 1-4 m; the best known are the jumping cholla (C. fulgida), with chains of hanging green fruit, the silvery teddy bear cholla (C. bigelovii) and the cold-hardy cane cholla (C. imbricata). In late spring and summer they open cup-shaped flowers in pink, magenta, purple, yellow, orange or green.
Jumping Cholla
Cylindropuntia fulgida
Jumping cholla (Cylindropuntia fulgida, formerly Opuntia fulgida) is a tree-like cactus from the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and northwestern Mexico. It has a short, low-branching trunk and grows 1.5 to 4 m tall. The branches are made of pale green cylindrical joints covered in spines with microscopic barbs and silvery sheaths, which give the plant a fuzzy, glowing look. The end joints break off at the lightest touch and cling to skin, clothes or fur as if they had jumped; that is how the plant spreads, since every fallen joint can root. Pink or white flowers streaked with lavender appear in summer at the tips of joints and old fruits. The green fruits stay on and flower again, forming hanging chains that last for years.
Cane Cholla
Cylindropuntia imbricata
Cane cholla (Cylindropuntia imbricata) is a large, shrubby to tree-like cactus native to the arid grasslands and high deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Its cylindrical, spiny stems are covered in overlapping tubercles, giving the plant a braided, chain-like appearance. In late spring and summer it produces striking magenta to purple flowers, followed by long-lasting yellow fruits that persist into winter. Remarkably cold-hardy for a cactus, it tolerates temperatures well below freezing and thrives in poor, rocky, well-drained soil with minimal care.
Cymbidium orchid
Cymbidium
The Cymbidium genus comprises orchids highly valued for their lush flowers and flower spikes that can last up to ten weeks. Unlike many tropical orchids, Cymbidiums prefer cooler climates and are known as cool-climate orchids. They feature oval pseudobulbs and long, strap-shaped leaves that remain green year-round.
Indian Boat Orchid
Cymbidium aloifolium
Cymbidium aloifolium, commonly known as the Indian Boat Orchid or Aloe-leafed Cymbidium, is an epiphytic orchid native to tropical and subtropical forests of Asia, including India, China, and Southeast Asia. It features stiff, strap-like leaves resembling aloe foliage and produces graceful arching flower spikes with cream, pale yellow, and maroon-striped blooms.
Devon's Cymbidium
Cymbidium devonianum
Devon's Cymbidium (Cymbidium devonianum) is an epiphytic orchid native to the Himalayan foothills of Nepal, northeast India, Bhutan, and Myanmar. It is prized for its striking pendant flower spikes bearing 15β35 blooms in yellow-green with purple-red markings, making it one of the most distinctive species in the Cymbidium genus.
Four-season orchid
Cymbidium ensifolium
Cymbidium ensifolium is a terrestrial orchid from Asia, ranging from southern China and Japan to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Sumatra and Java, where it grows in humid upland forests from sea level to 1,500 m, in soil kept damp by mist or on mossy limestone. It forms clumps of small pseudobulbs with narrow, arching, sword-shaped leaves up to 60 cm long. In summer and autumn it sends up upright 20-35 cm spikes with up to 13 flowers about 6 cm across, pale yellowish-green streaked or spotted dark red, with a strong sweet scent likened to narcissus. Because it can bloom several times a year it is known as the four-season orchid. It has been grown in China for centuries as one of the classic "lan" orchids, with many named forms in different colours and with variegated leaves.
Boat Orchid
Cymbidium hybridum
Cymbidium hybridum refers to the vast group of cultivated Cymbidium hybrids (Orchidaceae) bred over more than a century from wild Asian and Australian species. These evergreen, terrestrial-to-epiphytic orchids form clumps of pseudobulbs topped with long, strap-shaped leaves, and in late winter to spring they send up sturdy arching spikes carrying a dozen or more long-lasting, waxy flowers. Modern hybrids range from miniature to large-flowered types, in shades of white, green, yellow, pink, red, cream and near-brown, often with a contrasting spotted lip. Prized as houseplants, patio specimens in mild climates, and cut flowers, boat orchids reward growers with cool nights and bright light with months of bloom.
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a tropical aromatic grass native to tropical Asia, widely cultivated for its intense citrus fragrance and its extensive culinary and medicinal applications. It forms dense clumps with long, slender leaves that can reach up to 1.8 m in height.
Citronella Grass
Cymbopogon nardus
Cymbopogon nardus, commonly known as citronella grass, is a perennial clumping grass with long, narrow, aromatic leaves and a strong citrus scent. Native to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, it is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its essential oil, prized as a natural insect repellent.
Java Citronella
Cymbopogon winterianus
Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) is a tropical perennial grass native to Southeast Asia, particularly the island of Java, Indonesia. It is widely cultivated for its essential oil, rich in citronellal and geraniol, which is used in insect repellents, cosmetics, perfumery, and aromatherapy. The plant forms dense, aromatic clumps of long leaves and can reach up to 2.5 meters in height under favorable conditions.
Honeyvine Milkweed
Cynanchum laeve
Cynanchum laeve (honeyvine milkweed) is a vigorous, twining perennial vine in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), native to central and eastern North America. It bears opposite, heart-shaped leaves and a deep fleshy taproot, climbing 3β6 m or more on any available support. From June to September it produces dense clusters of small, fragrant, creamy-white star-shaped flowers that attract bees and butterflies, followed by smooth teardrop-shaped seed pods. A larval host for monarch butterflies, it is valued in wildlife gardens yet considered an aggressive weed in agricultural settings due to its deep roots and prolific wind-borne seed.
Bermuda grass
Cynodon dactylon
Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, couch grass, or devil's grass, is a perennial grass species widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for its ability to form a dense and resilient carpet, frequently used in lawns, sports fields, and as forage. It possesses both underground rhizomes and surface stolons, which provide great vigor and recovery capacity.
Blue Houndstongue
Cynoglossum creticum
Blue Houndstongue (Cynoglossum creticum) is a biennial or perennial herb in the family Boraginaceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin including the island of Crete. It produces distinctive pale blue to violet flowers with darker blue veins, blooming from spring through early summer. Well adapted to dry, rocky soils and full sun, it is popular in wildflower and Mediterranean-style gardens. WARNING: contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids β severely toxic to humans, cats, and dogs.
Umbrella Sedge
Cyperus
Cyperus is a large genus of approximately 700 species in the family Cyperaceae, distributed across tropical and temperate regions on all continents. Well-known cultivated species such as Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella sedge) are prized for their striking architectural form β upright stems topped with radiating leaf bracts resembling an umbrella or parasol. Naturally found in wetlands, along riverbanks and pond margins, these semi-aquatic plants thrive in consistently moist to waterlogged conditions. They are popular as ornamental houseplants, pond plants, and water garden specimens.
Umbrella Papyrus
Cyperus alternifolius
Cyperus alternifolius, known as Umbrella Papyrus, is a semi-aquatic perennial sedge native to Madagascar. Its distinctive radiating bracts at the top of tall stems resemble an open umbrella, making it a striking architectural plant for water gardens, pond edges, and indoor containers. It belongs to the Cyperaceae family and thrives in consistently wet or waterlogged conditions.
Tall Flatsedge
Cyperus eragrostis
Cyperus eragrostis, commonly known as Tall Flatsedge or Pale Galingale, is a tufted perennial sedge native to subtropical and tropical South America, now naturalized worldwide. It thrives in wet environments such as wetlands, ditches, riverbanks, and pond margins, growing 25β90 cm tall. Its umbrella-like flower heads with yellow-green-brown spikelets make it an attractive ornamental for water gardens and rain gardens.
Tiger Nut
Cyperus esculentus
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) is a low-growing perennial sedge in the papyrus family, grown worldwide for its small, sweet, nutty-flavored underground tubers - the base of Spain's popular horchata de chufa drink. The same plant is also known as yellow nutsedge, one of the world's most persistent agricultural weeds: left unmanaged, its rhizomes and tubers spread rapidly and can be extremely difficult to eradicate from lawns and cropland. Grow it deliberately in a contained bed or large pot for its edible harvest, never in open ground near vegetable beds you want to keep nutsedge-free.
Brown Galingale
Cyperus fuscus
Cyperus fuscus is a small annual sedge native to temperate Europe, Asia and North Africa and introduced to North America. It forms tufts 5-40 cm tall with three-sided stems, narrow leaves and purple-tinged sheaths at the base. In summer and fall the stem tips carry small heads of flattened spikelets with dark purplish-brown scales, set above two to five leaf-like bracts. It grows on mud and sand along ponds, lakes and rivers when the water drops. It is rare and protected in several countries.
Dwarf Papyrus
Cyperus haspan
Dwarf Papyrus (Cyperus haspan) is a compact semi-aquatic sedge native to pantropical regions across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It thrives in ponds, water gardens, aquariums, and bog areas, producing slender upright stems crowned with delicate umbrella-like flowerheads. Its graceful appearance and fast growth make it a popular choice for water features.
Umbrella Plant
Cyperus involucratus
Cyperus involucratus, commonly known as the Umbrella Plant, is a graceful semi-aquatic sedge native to Madagascar. Its distinctive radiating bracts form an elegant umbrella-like crown atop tall, slender stems, making it a striking architectural plant for both indoor and outdoor settings. Thriving in wet conditions, it is one of the few houseplants that actually benefits from standing water, making it nearly impossible to overwater.
Egyptian Papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus, commonly known as Egyptian Papyrus or Paper Reed, is a majestic semi-aquatic plant native to the banks of the Nile River in northeastern Africa. Its tall, triangular stems can reach up to 16 feet (5 meters) in height, topped with feathery, umbrella-like clusters of thread-fine rays. One of the most historically significant plants in human civilization, it was the source of the world's first paper. Today it thrives in water gardens, ponds, and large containers.
Purple Nutsedge
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotundus, purple nutsedge, is a fast-spreading perennial sedge with glossy, grass-like leaves and triangular stems topped by reddish-brown flower spikes. It grows from chains of small underground tubers, which make it one of the world's most persistent weeds but also the source of the aromatic tuber known as nagarmotha or musta in traditional medicine.
Scarborough lily
Cyrtanthus elatus
Cyrtanthus elatus, popularly known as the Scarborough lily, is a perennial bulb in the Amaryllidaceae family, native to the mountainous coastal slopes of the Cape in southern South Africa (between Mossel Bay and Humansdorp). It produces upright flower stalks up to 65 cm tall with up to nine trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of scarlet red, pink, or, rarely, white, which bloom from late spring to autumn. Cultivated as an ornamental container plant for nearly 250 years, it earned its common name after naturalizing on the coastal cliffs of Scarborough, England, in the 19th century.
Japanese Holly Fern
Cyrtomium falcatum
Cyrtomium falcatum is an elegant evergreen fern native to East Asia, prized for its glossy, dark green, leathery fronds that resemble holly leaves. It forms dense, vase-shaped clumps and is one of the most adaptable and resilient ferns for both indoor and outdoor cultivation. Its sickle-shaped pinnae give it a bold, architectural appearance that stands out among other ferns.
Cowhorn orchid
Cyrtopodium
Cyrtopodium is a genus of terrestrial, epiphytic, or lithophytic orchids native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, from southern Florida to Argentina, with a strong presence in Brazil. Recognized for its large, spindle-shaped, and wrinkled pseudobulbs resembling cigars or horns, the genus produces tall flower spikes covered in dozens of yellow flowers with brown spots. The plicate leaves drop before flowering, in a cycle marked by a period of vigorous growth followed by dormancy.
Cyrtosperma
Cyrtosperma johnstonii
Cyrtosperma johnstonii is a giant, clumping tropical plant from the Solomon Islands belonging to the Arum family (Araceae). It has been kept in Europe since the 1870s and is still primarily known through nurseries. Its arrow-shaped leaves sit on long petioles; the veins on young leaves are pinkish or red, turning greener as they mature. The petioles are mottled and densely covered with backward-pointing spines, so they must be handled with care. In a greenhouse, the petioles can reach up to 2.5 m in length and the plant can grow to 3 m tall, though it remains much smaller indoors. It rarely blooms: the spathe is dark purple on the outside and pale yellowish-green on the inside. It is often sold commercially under the name Alocasia 'Black Jack'. It contains calcium oxalate crystals and is therefore toxic to both humans and pets.
Scotch broom
Cytisus scoparius
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) is a deciduous shrub in the legume family (Fabaceae) that grows 50β250 cm tall. Its green, five-angled, slender branches continue to photosynthesize even in winter; its small, quickly shedding leaves are undivided at the top and trifoliate at the bottom. In May and June, bright golden-yellow, pea-like flowers appear, forming dense, fragrant clusters along the stems. The flattened seed pods that develop from the flowers turn black upon ripening. Native to Western and Central Europe, it thrives in sunny habitats with dry, sandy, acidic soilβsuch as hillsides and sand dunes. Due to its hardiness and rapid growth, it has naturalized in many areas and is considered invasive in several regions.
Kahikatea
Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) is New Zealand's tallest native tree and one of the world's most ancient conifer lineages, tracing back to Gondwanan forests. A slow-growing, evergreen podocarp, it naturally dominates swamp forests and floodplain terraces, sending up a slender, conical crown on a tall, often buttressed trunk that can exceed 50 m in the wild. Unlike flowering plants, it reproduces via small cones rather than true flowers; the female cone matures into a swollen, succulent red receptacle (koroi) that was historically a prized MΔori food source. In cultivation it is an impressive specimen or shelter tree for large, permanently damp gardens, parks, and wetland restoration plantings, but it is not suited to small sections, pots, or dry soils.
Orchard Grass
Dactylis glomerata
Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) is a perennial, clump-forming cool-season grass native to Europe, temperate Asia and North Africa, now naturalized across much of the world. It is one of the most important forage grasses used in pastures and hay production, valued for tolerating both drought and partial shade far better than most pasture grasses.
Heath Spotted Orchid
Dactylorhiza maculata
Dactylorhiza maculata, the heath spotted orchid, is a terrestrial tuberous perennial orchid native to Europe. It thrives in heathlands, damp meadows, bogs, and marshes, producing dense spikes of pale pink to deep purple flowers with characteristic dark markings on the labellum. Its leaves are distinctively spotted.
Dahlia
Dahlia
Dahlia is a genus of tuberous herbaceous perennial plants native to the mountains of Mexico and Central America, belonging to the family Asteraceae. With over 42 accepted species and thousands of cultivars, dahlias are celebrated for their spectacular blooms in an extraordinary range of colors, sizes, and flower forms β from tiny pompons to enormous dinner-plate varieties measuring over 30 cm across. They bloom from mid-summer through the first autumn frost, making them a showstopper in gardens worldwide.
Scarlet Dahlia
Dahlia coccinea
Dahlia coccinea, the scarlet dahlia, is a tuberous perennial native to the mountainous regions of Mexico and Central America. Prized for its vivid single blooms in shades of red, orange, and yellow with a golden center, it is considered one of the wild ancestors of modern garden dahlia hybrids and is celebrated as a symbol of Mexican botanical heritage.
Garden dahlia
Dahlia hortensis
Garden dahlia is a vibrantly flowering tuberous perennial native to Mexico and Central America, prized for its showy, multi-petaled blooms that appear in nearly every color except true blue. Grown from underground tubers, it produces lush green (sometimes dark mahogany) foliage and rewards gardeners with prolific late-summer and autumn flowers that last until the first hard frost.
Tree Dahlia
Dahlia imperialis
Dahlia imperialis, known as the Tree Dahlia or Bell Tree Dahlia, is a towering perennial native to Mexico and Central America. It can reach over 6 meters tall with hollow bamboo-like stems, large pinnate leaves, and nodding bell-shaped flowers in shades of pink, lilac, or white with yellow centers. It blooms in fall and winter, making it a showstopper when most garden plants are dormant.
Garden Dahlia
Dahlia pinnata
Dahlia pinnata, commonly known as the garden dahlia, is a tuberous herbaceous perennial native to Mexico, where it serves as the national flower. Belonging to the Asteraceae family, it is celebrated for its large, showy blooms in an extraordinary range of colors including red, pink, orange, yellow, white, purple, and lavender. Dahlias flower from midsummer through the first autumn frosts, making them one of the most prized ornamental plants for gardens worldwide.
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